ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação de horas diárias de trabalho e de descanso com o uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em 2016 com 354 motoristas profissionais de caminhão que aguardavam a inspeção da mercadoria transportada em um Posto de Controle Fiscal localizado na cidade de Itatiaia, RJ, Brasil. A associação entre horas diárias de trabalho (exposição), horas diárias de descanso (exposição) e uso de substâncias psicoativas (desfecho) foi investigada por meio de modelos de regressão linear que estimaram coeficientes de regressão (ß) e respectivos erros-padrão, considerando p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Mostraram-se positivas as associações entre horas diárias de trabalho e uso de anfetamina (ß = 0,91; erro-padrão = 0,19; p < 0,01) e de cocaína/crack (ß = 1,32; erro-padrão = 0,35; p < 0,01) e negativa a associação entre horas diárias de descanso e uso de anfetamina (ß = -0,43; erro-padrão = 0,09; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Horas diárias de trabalho e de descanso parecem ser determinantes do uso de anfetamina e de cocaína/ crack entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of hours of work and rest with use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2016 with 354 professional truck drivers waiting for the inspection of the goods transported at a Fiscal Control Post located in the city of Itatiaia, RJ, Brazil. The association between daily working hours (exposure), daily rest hours (exposure) and use of psychoactive substances (outcome) was investigated using linear regression models that estimated regression coefficients (ß) and respective standard error, considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: They were positive the associations between daily working hours and use of amphetamine (ß = 0.91; standard error = 0.19; p < 0.01) and cocaine/crack (ß = 1.32; standard error = 0.35; p < 0.01) and the association between daily rest hours and use of amphetamine (ß = - 0.43; standard error = 0.09; p < 0.01) was negative. CONCLUSION: Daily hours of work and rest seem to be determinants of the use of amphetamine and cocaine/crack among professional truck drivers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology , Rest , Automobile Driving/psychology , Work Hours , Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Workload/psychology , Crack Cocaine , AmphetaminesABSTRACT
RESUMO Neste trabalho são apresentadas a evolução temporal de parâmetros de qualidade e a análise de conformidade da água armazenada em cisternas nos municípios de Barra de Santana, Boqueirão e Caturité, no semiárido do estado da Paraíba. A água armazenada nas cisternas estudadas é oriunda da chuva e dos açudes Epitácio Pessoa, na região do Cariri, e Araçagi, na região do Brejo. Foram analisados os valores dos parâmetros pH, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, alcalinidade total, cor aparente, dureza total, cloretos, amônia, sulfato, nitrato, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e bactérias heterotróficas, com frequência mensal nos meses de fevereiro a outubro de 2017, em plena seca de 2011/2017. Foram observadas variações relevantes nos parâmetros da água oriunda dos açudes, principalmente do açude Epitácio Pessoa, em decorrência do aporte de água do rio São Francisco por meio do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com as Bacias do Nordeste Setentrional (PISF). Os resultados indicaram que não houve variações consideráveis nos parâmetros da água de chuva armazenada nas cisternas. Diferentemente das cisternas com águas de açudes, houve conformidade em relação à Portaria nº 5/2017 do Ministério da Saúde para todos os parâmetros físicos e químicos analisados nas cisternas com água de chuva.
Abstract In this work, the temporal evolution of quality parameters and the analysis of the conformity of water stored in cisterns in the municipalities of Barra de Santana, Boqueirão, and Caturité in the semi-arid state of Paraíba are presented. The water stored in the cisterns studied comes from rain and from Epitácio Pessoa fluvial reservoirs in the region of Cariri and Araçagi in the region of Brejo. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, apparent color, total hardness, chlorides, ammonia, sulfate, nitrate, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, and heterotrophic bacteria, with monthly frequency in the months of February to October 2017, in the midst of the 2011/2017 drought. Relevant variations were observed in the parameters of the water coming from fluvial reservoirs, mainly from Epitácio Pessoa due to the water supply of the São Francisco river through the São Francisco River Integration Project (Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco - PISF). The results indicated that there were no significant changes in rainwater storage parameters in cisterns. Unlike cisterns with water from fluvial reservoirs, there was compliance in relation to Ordinance No. 5/2017 of the Ministry of Health for all the physical and chemical parameters analyzed in cisterns with rainwater.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>PURPOSE</b>Rear-end crashes attribute to a large portion of total crashes in China, which lead to many casualties and property damage, especially when involving commercial vehicles. This paper aims to investigate the critical factors for occupant injury severity in the specific rear-end crash type involving trucks as the front vehicle (FV).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This paper investigated crashes occurred from 2011 to 2013 in Beijing area, China and selected 100 qualified cases i.e., rear-end crashes involving trucks as the FV. The crash data were supplemented with interviews from police officers and vehicle inspection. A binary logistic regression model was used to build the relationship between occupant injury severity and corresponding affecting factors. Moreover, a multinomial logistic model was used to predict the likelihood of fatal or severe injury or no injury in a rear-end crash.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results provided insights on the characteristics of driver, vehicle and environment, and the corresponding influences on the likelihood of a rear-end crash. The binary logistic model showed that drivers' age, weight difference between vehicles, visibility condition and lane number of road significantly increased the likelihood for severe injury of rear-end crash. The multinomial logistic model and the average direct pseudo-elasticity of variables showed that night time, weekdays, drivers from other provinces and passenger vehicles as rear vehicles significantly increased the likelihood of rear drivers being fatal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the abovementioned significant factors should be improved, such as the conditions of lighting and the layout of lanes on roads. Two of the most common driver factors are drivers' age and drivers' original residence. Young drivers and outsiders have a higher injury severity. Therefore it is imperative to enhance the safety education and management on the young drivers who steer heavy duty truck from other cities to Beijing on weekdays.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Accidents, Traffic , Age Factors , Automobile Driving , China , Epidemiology , Logistic Models , Motor Vehicles , Trauma Severity Indices , Wounds and Injuries , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Se estudió el aislamiento a la vibración, por medio del factor SEAT (Seat Effective Amplitude Transmissibility), de 4 tipos de asientos de grúa de horquilla, los cuales se seleccionaron por poseer distintos sistemas de amortiguamiento a las vibraciones. Los asiento utilizados fueron los modelos GRAMMER MSG71GBLV (SEAT = 0,55 en el eje Z), KAB Seating 21/T1 (SEAT = 0,96 en el eje Z), GENÉRICO BF2-3 (SEAT = 1,01 en el eje Z) y GENÉRICO BFL-3 (SEAT = 0,82 en el eje Z). Para obtener los valores SEAT, se efectuaron mediciones de 30 minutos para 2 condiciones, desplazamiento del vehículo sin carga durante 20 minutos por una ruta de 6 kilómetros y, luego, simulando una condición de trabajo habitual de una grúa de horquilla para trabajo cíclico con carga por un período de tiempo aproximado de 10 minutos. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la exposición a vibración del operador de la grúa de horquilla seleccionada según el D.S. N° 594/1999 y Directiva 2002/44/CE, documentos basados en la norma ISO 2631-1, con el fin de estudiar el efecto de los asientos en la exposición del operador y el nivel de riesgo asociado, para entregar recomendaciones sobre la selección y uso de asientos en grúas de horquilla.
It was studied the isolation of vibration by means of factor SEAT (Seat Effective Amplitude transmissibility) on 4 types of seat forklift truck, which were selected for having different systems of vibration damping. The seat models used were GRAMMER MSG71GBLV (SEAT = 0.55 in the Z axis), KAB Seating 21/T1 (SEAT = 0.96 in the Z axis), Generic BFL-3 (SEAT = 1.01 in the axis Z) and generic BFL-3 (SEAT = 0.82 in the Z axis). To obtain SEAT values, it were performed measurements of 30 minutes for 2 conditions, moving vehicle without load for 20 minutes by a 6 kilometer route and, then, simulating a typical work of a forklift truck to cyclic work with load for a period of time of approximately 10 minutes. Additionally, the exposure to vibration of selected forklift truck operator was evaluated according to the DS N ° 594/1999 and Directive 2002/44/EC documents based on ISO 2631-1, in order to study the effect of the seats in operator exposure and the level of associated risk, to provide recommendations on selection and use of forklift trucks seats.